Causal Inference and Models for The Probablity of Treatment Given The Past James Robins ABSTRACT In this talk I explore a number of issues in causal inference including sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding, bounded outcomes, time dependent treatments, and direct and indirect effects all from the perspective of inference based on modelling the probability of treatment given the past. I show the various problems that can arise with this approach and the even greater problems that arise with competing approaches. Analyses of an AIDS observational study will be described.